2021 SCIENCELINE

O nline J ournal of A nimal and F eed R esearch

Volume 11, Issue 3: 88-94; May 29, 2021

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2021.15

CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BROILER

LITTER KEPT AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES

Cahya Setya UTAMA* and Marry CHRISTIYANTO

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro. Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, S.H,

Semarang City, Central Java 50275, Indonesia

^Email: cahyasetyautama@gmail.com;

: 0000-0002-96729579

^Supporting Information

ABSTRACT: The research objective was to assess the chemical and microbiological properties of broiler litter

raised in broiler closed house at different altitudes. The design used was a completely randomized design

with 3 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of T1 (broiler closed house at an altitude of

≤100 meters above sea level (masl), T2 (broiler closed house at an altitude of 100 - 300 masl) and T3 (broiler

closed house at an altitude of 300 - 500 masl). The results showed that the difference in the altitude where

broilers were raised had no significant effect on moisture, ash, extract ether (EE), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen

free extract (NFE), total digestible nutrients (TDN), cuprum (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Ag), lactic acid bacteria

(LAB), Salmonella, E. coli, Clostridium sp., antibiotic contamination (below the threshold) and predominance

of gram-positive bacteria. The results of water content 22.71-24.65%, crude protein 13.13-13.47%, Pb

35.15-47.80 ppm, Cu 102.46-136.96 ppm, LAB 3.48 - 7.00 × 10⁶cfu/g. In conclusion, the differences in the

altitude did not affect the chemical and microbiological properties of broiler litter.

Keywords: Altitude, Bacteria, Chemical properties, Litter, Poultry.

INTRODUCTION

The increase in demand for broiler chicken meat is in line with the increase in livestock business. The increase in demand

for broiler chicken meat in Central Java, Indonesia in 2019 was around 13,000 tons (Statistics of Central Java, 2019).

Broiler chicken farming industry produces waste in the form of litter and can be a cause of environmental pollution

(Dunlop et al., 2016; Seidavi et al., 2019). Efforts to reduce poultry waste can be done by processing the waste into

materials with higher economic values (Sahoo et al., 2017 ).

The macroclimate and microclimate conditions of broiler house are one of the determining factors of success in the

world of animal husbandry (Kic, 2016). The macroclimate and microclimate conditions of broiler house are affected by

the altitude of the region where the broiler farm is built (Nazareno et al., 2016; Dróżdż et al., 2020 ). Extreme

temperatures can be stressful for livestock and therefore affecting livestock productivity (Henry et al ., 2018 ).

In general, the optimum temperature for the growth of broiler chickens ranges from 18-21 ºC, and those highland

areas have lower temperatures than lowland areas (Vilchis et al., 2012 ). Farm management is the key to successful

production of broiler chickens; one of the efforts to improve management is the use of pedestals and chicken warmers in

the form of litter (Wang et al., 2016 ). Traditionally, the litter can be prepared from rice straw, husks, or sawdust (Garcia,

2007 ). The constituent composition of litter is manure, chaff and limestone. Litter contains 9-11% protein, 91-94% dry

ingredients, 11-50% crude fiber and 1-3% crude fat (Rahimi et al., 2018). Good quality litter will not be the growth

medium for parasite development (Najibulloh et al., 2020 ). Good litter has the characteristic that the water content is 20-

25 percent, capable of well absorbing water, does not contain harmful materials and is dust-free (Petek et al., 2014 ).

The study aimed to examine the chemical and microbiological qualities of broiler litter raised in broiler closed house

at different altitudes. It is expected that the study results will provide preliminary information on the quality of broiler litter

obtained at different altitudes so that it can be used as the basis for the processing of litter into alternative feed

materials.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The material used was litter of 15 broiler closed house of PT. Citra Unggas Lestari located in Demak Regency

(altitude ≤ 100 meters above sea), Semarang city (altitude 100-300 meters above sea) and Kendal Regency (altitude

300-500 meters above sea level).

Methods

The research began with litter sampling of broiler chickens from 15 partnership cages PT Citra Unggas Lestari.

Sampling is done purposive random sampling that can represent the percentage of area and capacity of the cage. The

Citation: Utama CS and Christiyanto M (2021). Chemical and microbiological properties of broiler litter kept at different altitudes. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 11(3): 88-

94. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2021.15

research design used is complete randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 5 repeats. The treatment given is T1

(closed house cage at an altitude of ≤100 meters above sea level), T2 (closed house cage at an altitude of 100-300

meters above sea level) and T3 (closed house cage at an altitude of 300-500 meters above sea level).

Research parameter testing

Proximate analysis

Proximate analysis includes testing water content, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, calculation of extract

materials without nitrogen and TDN (AOAC, 2005 ). Water content analysis is done using drying method with oven.

Analysis of ash content is done by the method of smoking using muffle furnace (AOAC, 2005 ). Analysis of crude protein

levels using the Kjeldahl method (AOAC, 2005 ). Crude Fat level analysis is done by ether extraction method (AOAC,

2005 ). Analysis of crude fiber levels using a method of boiling with a solution of weak acids and weak bases (AOAC,

2005 ). NFE levels are calculated using a formula (Alagbe et al ., 2020 ) namely:

NFE = 100 - (Ash + Crude Fat + Crude Fiber + Crude Protein)

The calculation of total digestible nutrients is calculated by formula (AOAC, 2005) namely:

TDN = % Crude Fiber digestible + % NFE + % Crude Protein + 2.25% Crude Fat

Metal content testing Pb

Testing of pb metal content in the sample was done using Atomic Absorption Spectophotometer (AAS) method with

different wavelength principle for each type of metal (Oliviera et al ., 2017 ). Absorbance measured at a wavelength of 283

nm using AAS variant AA240 Australia and calculated the concentration of lead metal (Pb) using lead metal

concentration equation (Pb) as follows (AOAC, 2005 ).

(μg/g) = "C x VC x V" / "W W"

Description:

C = concentration of mg/L (ppm) measurement results converted into units of μg/L (ppb)

V = total sample volume (mL) converted to liter unit (L)

W = sample weight (g)

Cu content testing

Testing of Cu content in litter samples is done by AAS method (Gu et al., 2020 ). The pre-prepared sample was

measured with an AAS at a wavelength (λ) of 324.8 nm to determine its concentration.

Mercury testing

Mercury test was conducted using qualitative and quantitative analysis of mercury using atomic absorption

spectrophotometer method (Pasinszki et al., 2020 ). The tools used are mercury analyzer.

Antibiotic contamination analysis

Antibiotic contamination test is done using the method of screening tester bioassay (Jonkers et al., 2020). Testing

using special tools such as HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography), TLC (thin layer chromatography) and GC (Gas

Chromatography) to find out the type of antibiotic compounds quantitatively (Mahmood et al., 2019).

Total lactic acid bacteria analysis

Determination of the number of total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) colonies of each litter sample is measured using the

total plate count (TPC) method (Kwak et al., 2008). Colonies that grow stem-shaped, have positive grams, not form

spores, are non-motile, are anaerobic, catalase negative and oxidation positive. Then the LAB population is calculated as

follows:

LAB Population (cfu/g) = Number of Colonies x Dilution

Gram positive and negative bacterial analysis

Testing gram positive and gram negative is done by pour method (pour plate) followed by gram staining method

(gram staining method) (Rajivgandhi et al ., 2018). Observations are carried out under a microscope with a magnification

of 1000x, observed the shape of the cell and its color. If the bacteria is pink belongs to the gram negative group.

Salmonella content testing

Salmonella content testing using carter method (Andoh et al ., 2017 ).

Escherichia Coli content testing

Identification of E. Coli content is done by Most Probable Number (MPN) method (Ahmed et al., 2015 ).

Clostridium sp content testing

Clostridium sp content testing is done by Total Aerobic Count method (Angelotti et al., 1961 ).

Statistical analysis

The data obtained was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) test to test data diversity and if there is any real

influence, it will be continued with Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) at a 5% confidence level.

Ethical approval

The in vitro experiment did not need ethical approval from the animal ethics committee.

Citation: Utama CS and Christiyanto M (2021). Chemical and microbiological properties of broiler litter kept at different altitudes. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 11(3): 88-

94. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2021.15

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Proximate composition and TDN of litter from broiler chickens raised at different altitudes

The results of the analysis indicate that the altitude of the various cage locations, namely T1 (altitude of 0-100

meters above sea level), T2 (altitude of 100-300 meters above sea level) and T3 (altitude of 300-500 meters above sea

level)) did not have a real impact on the content of litter water (P>0.05).In the broiler litter, the total water content was

9.2 %. Owen al. (2008) noted that in broiler house with a height of 120 meters above sea level, litter in the broiler chicken

had a water content of 12-25%. Qian et al . (2018) documented that broiler house at low altitudes had high temperatures

that cause the chickens to consume more water so that the excreta released was moist. As the litter in all broiler houses

came from the same substance, namely husks, the moisture content of the litter was not largely different. Ritz et al .

(2017) stated that a suitable litter has a characteristic that the water content ranges from 20-25%, able to absorb water

well, does not contain harmful materials and is free from dust. The effect of altitude also does not affect the water

content of litter because the type of litter source cage is the same, namely closed house cages. Closed house has a

mechanism to maintain litter quality in order to remove excess moisture in the cage. This is thought to result in the litter

water content produced in this study, which is not influenced by the altitude of the location. Kaukonen et al. (2016) stated

that a good litter condition can be measured through the water content parameter; the optimal litter water content

indicates that the litter condition is good.

The findings of the present study revealed that different altitudes of broiler house had no significant (P>0.05)

effects on the ash content of litter. In broiler chicken litter, the total ash content was 24.11%. Barnes et al. (1997)

reported that in broiler litter the average ash content value is 20-25 percent. In general, there are several factors affecting

the ash content in broiler litter , which are the type of litter material as well as the altitudes of broiler house located.

Pappas et al . (2010) stated that litters prepared from the materials such as wood shavings have higher absorption and

have more organic content. The altitude of the location did not affect the litter ash content, presumably because there

was no difference in maintenance management from each study cage. The ash content in the litter is influenced by the

mineral composition of the excreta and husks, so that no differences in the mineral content have an impact on the ash

content of the litter which is not different either. Owen et al. (2008) stated that the mineral content in raw materials is

influenced by mineral content, because the ash content describes the amount of mineral substances that do not burn into

steam.

It was shown in this study that the differences in the altitudes of location of broiler houses showed no substantial

effect on the content of crude protein litter (P>0.05). Crude protein content in litter has an average value of 13.31%.

Cross (1995) stated that the crude protein content in poultry chicken litter is 11-15%. The high protein content in litter is

caused by ammonia. Ferguson et al., (1998) states that the protein content in litter is still relatively high due to the

presence of ammonia formed from the decomposition of nitrogen by microbes and the amount of nitrogen that is not

absorbed by chickens so that it is released along with substances that are not absorbed by the body, namely excreta. This

is also the reason why the elevation of the location does not affect the protein litter levels. The relatively same cage

management makes no difference in ammonia in litter, so that the height of the location does not affect the litter protein

content.

In this study, the altitudes of location of broiler houses had no effect on the content of Crude fiber of broiler litter

(P>0.05). The average crude fiber content in broiler litter was 23.34%. Stephenson et al. (1990) stated that the fiber

content in poultry manure is 18-69%. The factor that causes high crude fibers in litter is the constituent component of

fibers, namely lignin. Knudsen (2014) states that high fiber content is caused by lignin content as the main component of

plant tissue formation. The altitude of the location does not affect the litter crude fiber content produced. The main fiber

content of litter comes from rice husks, so that the fiber measured in litter is a large contribution from rice husk fiber. The

cages for the source of research litter used the same base, namely rice husks, so that there was no effect of height

differences on litter fiber content. The altitudes of location of broiler houses had no substantial effect on crude fat content

of broiler litter. The altitude of the location does not affect the litter fat content. This can happen presumably because the

litter water content is not significantly different from the location height treatment. Pappas et al. (2010) stated that the

high and low levels of fat are influenced by the moisture content of the material, the amount of fat is calculated to be

greater in the proximate analysis, it can occur if the water content that comes out of the material is higher. The average

content of Crude fat in chicken litter was 1.72%.

The results of the analysis showed that the altitude of different cage locations, namely T1 (cage altitude 0-100

meters above sea), T2 (cage altitude 100-300 meters above sea level) and T3 (altitude 300-500 meter above sea) had no

real effect on the content of NFE Digestibility litter (P>0.05). The absence of the influence of the location height treatment

on the crude protein and crude fiber, the cause of the NFE litter value is also not affected by the location height

treatment. The average content of NFE Digestibility litter chicken is 37.54. Caswell et al. (1978) stated that NFE

digestibility content in chicken litter is 26.1%. The value of nitrogen free extract ingredients is determined by other

nutrient levels. Alam et al. (2008) stated that NFE digestibility value is influenced by the ups and downs of other levels

such as crude fiber, crude protein on the material.

Citation: Utama CS and Christiyanto M (2021). Chemical and microbiological properties of broiler litter kept at different altitudes. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 11(3): 88-

94. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2021.15

The results of the analysis showed that the different altitudes of broiler house locations, namely T1 (cage altitude 0-

100 meters above sea), T2 (cage altitude 100-300 meters above sea) and T3 (altitude 300-500 meters above sea level)

showed no real effect on the content of crude fat litter (P>0.05). TDN was not different because other proximate contents

such as moisture content, ash content, crude fiber, crude protein, crude fat and NFE were not affected by the altitude of

the location. This results in the altitude of the location not giving different results to the TDN litter. Alam et al. (2008)

stated that TDN is digestible energy derived from crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and NFE. The average content of

chicken litter TDN was 44.86%. Bagley et al. (1996) stated that the content of chicken litter TDN is 60%. The TDN value of

chicken litter is influenced by the fiber content of the feed. Utama et al., (2019) states that the higher the crude fiber

feed, the smaller the digestibility of the feed.

Contamination of Pb, Cu, Mercury and antibiotics of litter from broiler chickens raised at different altitudes

Table 2 points to the results that the average Pb content in chicken litter was 42.14 ppm. Uchimiya et al. (2012)

states that the average Pb content in the chicken litter was 38 ppm, which indicated that the level was still in normal

condition. T1, T2, and T3 treatments showed no real different results. The factor that affects Pb levels in the cage is the

altitudes of the cage area. Uchimiya et al. (2010) states that the use of litter in cages is determined by moisture an area,

if the area has a high moisture then it can be ascertained the addition of litter so that the soil element in litter more and

more.

Table 2 also shows that the average content of Cu in broiler chicken litter was 118.66 ppm. Codling et al. (2008)

stated that in broiler chicken manure has an average content of Cu of 332 ppm which is still classified as normal and

when consumed ruminant livestock will not dissolve in the bloodstream and do not settle on the organs of livestock. The

T1, T2 and T3 treatments showed no significant different results. The factor that affects the value of Cu is the humidity of

the excreta. According to Hoeven (2014) that moisture in excreta can affect the content of Cu in broiler litter. High

humidity in the high altitude can cause excreta to get wet. According to Santos et al . (2020), the height of the altitudes,

which is a part of the macro environment, is related to the conditions of the broiler house microclimate. When the land

level of the cage is low, the humidity in the cage is high. Environmental variables are another aspect that influences levels

of Cu. In contrast to regions with higher altitudes caused by soil elements in high areas, dissolved and settled in low

areas.

Based on Table 2, that mercury content in chicken litter is low. The value of mercury in the litter of broiler chickens

used ranges from 0-0.3 ppm. Malone and Chaloupka (1983) argues that mercury levels range at least 0.03-0.79 ppm,

while at 0.3-0.5 ppm mercury content begins to be high. According to SNI: 7387 (2009), mercury content threshold is

0.005 ppm. Mercury levels can be overcome by some microorganisms such as pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria (Gupta

and Kelly, 1992 ). Table 2 shows that no antibiotic residues were found in the sample chicken litter. This shows that

farmers already understand the importance of discontinuing antibiotic administration and administering antibiotics

according to dosage of Sun et al. (2014). According to SNI No: 01 – 6366 (2000), tetracycline antibiotic content should

not exceed 0.1 Mg/Kg.

Table 1 - Proximate composition and TDN litter broiler chickens kept at different altitudes.

Treatment (%)

Parameters

Water content

Ash content

Crude protein

Crude fibers

Crude fat

Nitrogen free extract (NFE)

Total digestible nutrients (TDN)

22.71±0.64

25.55±3.51

13.13±1.69

24.31±5.28

2.47±1.95

34.54±3.92

43.25±6.75

24.65±0.80

22.79±1.36

13.33±2.47

24.94±8.03

1.28±0.81

37.65±6.29

43.76±10.02

22.85±0.22

23.98±1.23

13.47±1.16

20.77±1.81

1.41±0.74

40.37±3.39

47.57±2.81

Table 2 - Content of Pb, Cu, Mercury and antibiotics of litter from broiler chickens raised at different altitudes.

Treatment (ppm)

Parameters

43.49±16.67

102.46±21.03

0.001

35.15±9.62

136.96±38.06

0.001

47.80±19.61

116.58±24.35

0.001

Mercury

Antibiotics

0.001

Non-significant mean (P<0.05) on all treatments.

Citation: Utama CS and Christiyanto M (2021). Chemical and microbiological properties of broiler litter kept at different altitudes. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 11(3): 88-

94. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2021.15

Table 3 - Microbiological quality of broiler chicken litter maintained at different altitudes.

Treatment (cfu/g)

Parameters

7.00 × 10⁶

Stem, Solitary

Not Found

3.48 × 10⁶

Stem, Solitary

Not Found

5.46 × 10⁶

Stem, Solitary

Not Found

Total LAB

Gram +

Gram -

Salmonella

E. Coli

Clostridium sp

Negative

Microbiological quality of broiler chicken litter maintained at different altitudes

The population of lactic acid bacteria in litter is an indicator of the microbiological quality of the material. The

results of the variety analysis showed that the height of different places had no real effect on the total LAB litter. Total

LAB observations ranged from 3.48×106 – 7.00×106 cfu/g. The environment suitable for LAB life includes temperature,

potential hydrogen (pH) and nutrient content. Too high temperatures will damage the proteins that support bacterial life

and cause bacteria to die (Kwak et al ., 2008). Too low temperature will result in LAB dormant and not growing. Lactic

acid bacteria have an optimal temperature range of 40– 45°C and can live at pH 4 - 6.5 (Adamberg et al., 2003 ).

The results of identification of the presence of gram-positive bacteria are rod-shaped and solitary. One type of

bacteria that grows in litter is a type of gram-positive bacteria that is Lactobacillus Sp which is LAB. Lactic Acid bacteria is

a bacterium that produces lactic acid that is able to inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria. Kwak et al., (2008)

states that gram-negative bacterial permeability can be weakened by lactic acid by damaging the outer membrane of

gram-negative bacteria.

Test results on litter samples showed no salmonella found results on litter. Salmonella is a type of bacteria that is

pathogenic (Wiedemann et al., 2015 ), and according to SNI 7388 (2009) the safe limit of Salmonella content is less than

25 g. Litter may contain Salmonella derived from chicken excreta infected with Salmonella then mixed with litter. The

impact of Salmonella bacterial infection on livestock can lead to Salmonellosis disease. One way to reduce salmonella

content in an ingredient is by heating at a temperature of about 80⁰C (Kim et al ., 2012 ). Investigation on the litter sample

obtained no results of Escherichia coli found on the sample. E. coli are bacteria that include pathogens for humans and

livestock. According to SNI 7388 (2009) the threshold of Escherichia coli infection is 10 g. E. coli in litter comes from

excreta infected with E. coli. The presence of E. coli bacteria in livestock that are often found in the gastrointestinal tract

that cause colibacillosis disease will have an impact on the inhibition of nutrient absorption until the death of livestock

(Hinton et al ., 2000 ). The provision of antibacterial ingredients can inhibit the growth of E. coli. Khan et al . (2018) states

that antibacterial compounds such as essential oils, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins can inhibit the

development of bacteria E. coli.

Testing the presence of Clostridium sp on litter samples showed negative results in all treatments. Clostridium sp

includes bacteria that are often found in livestock products and belong to the category of pathogenic bacteria (Lepp et al .,

2021 ). According to SNI 7388 (2009) the content limit of Clostridium sp is 1 × 10²colonies / g. Infection from

Clostridium sp can cause Clostridial Necrotizing Enteritis (CNE) disease in poultry, both diseases can result in death

(Mwangi et al., 2019 ). Efforts can be made to inhibit the growth of Clostridium sp, namely by heating the indicated

material Clostridium sp and administering vaccines to livestock.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the difference in the altitudes of the region does not affect the chemical quality, contamination and

microbiology of litter broiler chickens that are kept at different altitudes. The chemical quality of litter that is not affected

by the height of the area is moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, NFE and TDN. The Pb content in broiler

chicken litter was 35.15-43.49 ppm, Cu content was 102.46-116.58 ppm, mercury content was 0.001 ppm and no

antibiotic content was found. Total litter bacteria ranged from 3.48 - 5.46 × 10⁶, gram-positive bacteria that grew on

solitary and rod-shaped litter, gram-negative bacteria, bacteria, Salmonella, E. coli, Clostridium sp in broiler litter were not

found.

DECLARATION

Acknowledgement

A big thank to the Institute for Research and Community Service Universitas Diponegoro for facilitating the

assignment of basic research activities of the Directorate of Research and Community Service of the Directorate General

of Research and Development of the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education with Number: 225-

67/UN7.6.1/PP/2020 dated March 20, 2020.

Conflict of interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Citation: Utama CS and Christiyanto M (2021). Chemical and microbiological properties of broiler litter kept at different altitudes. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 11(3): 88-

94. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2021.15

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